Full forms 全写	Short forms 缩写	Negative short forms 缩写否定式
fee present tense 现在式 1 am I’m		I’m not
you are	you’re	you aren’t/you’re not
he is	he’s	he isn’t / he’s not
she is	she’s	she isn’t / she’s not
it is	it’s	it isn’t / it’s not
we are	we’re	we aren’t / we’re not
you are	you’re	you aren’t / you’re not
they are	they’re	they aren’t / they’re not
be past tense 过去式 1 was —		1 wasn’t
you were	—	you weren’t
he was		he wasn’t
she was	—	she wasn’t
it was	—	it wasn’t
we were	—	we weren’t
you were		you weren’t
they were	—	they weren’t

hove present tense 现在式

ł have	I’ve	1 haven’t / I’ve not
you have	you’ve	you haven’t / you’ve not
he has	he’s	he .hasn’t / he’s not
she has	she’s	she hasn’t / she’s not
it has	it’s	it hasn’t / it’s not
we have	we’ve	we haven’t / we’ve not
you have	you’ve	you haven’t / you’ve not
they have	they've	they haven’t / they’ve not

Aiflve past tense (ałł persons}过去式（所有人称）

had I’d	hadn’t
you’d
etc.
do present tense 观在式
1 do —	■ don’t
you do '-T-	you don’t
he does —	he doesn’t
she does —	she doesn't
it does —	it doesn’t
we do —	we don’t
you do —	you don’t
they do —	they don’t

do past tense (all persons)过去式（所有人称）

did	didn’t
	be	do	have
present participle 现在分词	being	doing	having
past participle 过去分词	been	done	had

be，do, have

■ The negative full forms are formed by adding not.全写否定式在上述动词后加not构成_q

■ Questions in the present and past are formed by placing the verb before the subject.把动词 置于弃语前构成现在时和过去时的疑问式：

^ ami? isn’t he? was I?

weren't we? do I? dorCtyou?

did I? didn't I? have I?

hadn!t they? etc.

ü Questions using the negative full form are more formal.疑问句用全写否定式较为压式：

> has he not?

do you not? etc.

■ The short negative question form for I am is

aren’t. * I am的否定疑问式缩写为aren’t

> aren't I?

■ When do or have is used as a main verb, questions and negative statements can be formed with do/does/don’t/doesn’t and

did/didn’t. * do或have用作主要_词时，疑 .问式和否定式可由do/does/don’t/doesn’t和 did/didn’t 构成：

^ How did you do it?

I dorCt do any teaching now.

Do you have any money on you?

We did^t have much time.

■ The short forms Ve, and ^yd are not usually used when have is a main verb.连 have.为主 要动词时，通常不用缩写’ve、’s和’d:

⁴ I have a shower every morning.

NOT 不可说 JVe a shower every morning.

■ The short form can be added to other subjects.缩写’s可加在主语后:

，Sally’s ill

► The cafs been damaged.

* The other tenses of be, do and have are

formed in the same way as those of other verbs. * be、do和have的其他时态与其他动词 的时态构成相同：

► will be would be has been

will do would do has done

will have would have have had; etc.

The pronunciation of each form of be, do and have is given at its entry in the dictionary.关于be、do和have各种形式的读 音，参见本词典中相关词条。