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Przez
stulecia wmawiano kolejnym pokoleniom Słowian, że swoje pierwsze
pismo zawdzięczają greckim mnichom. Dokładniej Cyrylowi, który
sam miał stworzyć nowy alfabet, by przetłumaczyć
Ewangelię z greki na słowiański. Dowodzono, że
podobieństwo niektórych liter greckich i głagolicowych to
właśne dowód na taki zabieg. Wszystko jednak wskazuje na to,
że było wręcz odwrotnie. To pismo słowiańskie stało
się źródłem dla pisma greckiego i nie tylko tego jednego. |
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Au
cours des siècles, on a appris aux générations suivantes de Slaves qu'elles
devaient leur première lettre aux moines grecs. Plus précisément, Cyril, qui
devait créer lui-même un nouvel alphabet, traduira l’évangile du grec en
slave. Il a été avancé que la similitude de certaines lettres grecques et
glagolitiques constituait la preuve concrète d'une telle procédure. Tout,
cependant, indique que c'était juste le contraire. Cette écriture slave est
devenue une source pour l'écriture grecque et pas seulement pour celui-ci. |
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Over
the centuries, the next generations of Slavs were told that they owed their
first letter to the Greek monks. More specifically, Cyril, who was to create
a new alphabet himself, to translate the Gospel from Greek to Slavonic. It
was argued that the similarity of some Greek and Glagolitic letters is the
actual proof of such a procedure. Everything, however, indicates that it was
just the opposite. This Slavic writing became a source for the Greek script
and not only for this one. |
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Pisaliśmy
już o odkryciach takich, jak najstarsze pismo
ludzkiej cywilizacji i o odszyfrowanych inskrypcjach Filistynów. Kolejnym dowodem na rodzime pochodzenie pisma
słowiańskiego jest praca
Pawła Serafimowa, która analizuje
genezę głagolicy głównie na gruncie śladów
bułgarskich. Polskie tłumaczenie tego opracowania pochodzi ze
strony falkonidas.
Serafimow zauważa: „Propozycja,
iż greckie pismo mogło mieć wpływ na głagolicę
– święte słowiańskie pismo – jest kusząca,
ponieważ Cyryl, któremu przypisujemy stworzenie głagolicy
urodził się w greckich Salonikach. Jest także 8 liter
dziewięciowiekowego greckiego pisma kursywnego, które było
wprowadzane stopniowo w Grecji w czasie IX w. n.e. po tym jak pismo
uncjałowe było używane w oficjalnych dokumentach i korespondencji,
to pokazuje jednocześnie pewne podobieństwa do ich
głagolitycznych odpowiedników. Te litery to: δ, γ, ω,
ε, ρ, ο, θ, ϕ (delta, gamma, omega, epsilon, rho,
omikron, theta i phi). Także parę hebrajskich znaków: ש
, ר , ף , ב , א (a, b, p, r, š) ukazuje pewne
podobieństwa ze swoimi głagolitycznymi odpowiednikami.
Pozostałe pisma orientalne nie oferują żadnych znaczących
dopasowań. Koptyjskie litery kopt (shei, hori, ti) ukazują
podobieństwa z głagolicowymi Ⱋ, Ⱈ, Ⰰ (št, h,
a) a samarytańskie litery samar (š, r, m) mogą przypominać
głagolicowe Ⱎ, Ⱃ, Ⱋ (š, r, št).” |
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Nous avons déjà écrit sur des découvertes telles que la plus ancienne
écriture de la civilisation humaine et les inscriptions décryptées des
Philistins. Une autre preuve de l’origine autochtone de l’écriture slave est
l’œuvre de Paweł Serafimowa, qui analyse la genèse de Glagoliticus
principalement à partir de traces bulgares. La traduction polonaise de cette
étude provient du site Web falkonidas. Seraphimov note: "La proposition
selon laquelle l'écriture grecque pourrait avoir un impact sur le
glagolitique - Écriture sainte slave - est tentante parce que Cyril, à qui
nous attribuons la créature glagolitique, est né en grec à Thessalonique. Il
existe également 8 lettres de l'écriture italique grecque à neuf dimensions,
introduite progressivement en Grèce au cours du IXe siècle de notre ère.
après que l’écriture de l’essai ait été utilisée dans les documents officiels
et la correspondance, elle montre également certaines similitudes avec leurs
homologues glagolitiques. Ces lettres sont: δ, γ,, ε, ρ,
ο, θ, (delta, gamma, oméga, epsilon, rho, omikron, thêta et phi).
De plus, une paire de caractères hébreux: ש, ר ,, ף,
ב ,, א ((a, b ,,,,, š) montrent des similitudes avec leurs propres
équivalents glagolitiques. Les autres magazines orientaux n'offrent aucune
correspondance significative. Les lettres coptes de kopt (shei, hori, ti)
présentent des similitudes avec les lettres glagolitiques, Ⱈ, (št, h,
a) et samaritaines samar (š, r, m) peuvent ressembler à celles de
glagolitique Ⱎ,,, (š, r, m). st) ". |
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We have already written about discoveries such as the
oldest writing of human civilization and the decrypted inscriptions of the
Philistines. Another proof of the native origin of the Slavonic writing is
the work of Paweł Serafimowa, who analyzes the genesis of Glagoliticus
mainly on the basis of Bulgarian traces. The Polish translation of this study
comes from the falkonidas website. Seraphimov notes: "The proposal that
the Greek script could have an impact on the Glagolitic - Holy Slavic scripture
- is tempting because Cyril, to whom we attribute the Glagolitic creature,
was born in the Greek Thessaloniki. There are also 8 letters of the
nine-dimensional Greek italic script, which was gradually introduced in
Greece during the 9th century AD after the essay writing was used in official
documents and correspondence, it also shows some similarities to their
glagolitic counterparts. These letters are: δ, γ, ω, ε,
ρ, ο, θ, φ (delta, gamma, omega, epsilon, rho, omikron,
theta and phi). Also, a pair of Hebrew characters: ש, ר,,
ף, ב,, א ((a, b,,,,, š) show some similarities with their
own glagolitic counterparts. Other oriental magazines do not offer any
significant matches. The Coptic letters of kopt (shei, hori, ti) show
similarities with the Glagolitic Ⱋ, Ⱈ, Ⰰ (št, h, a) and
Samaritan letters samar (š, r, m) can resemble Glagolitic Ⱎ, Ⱃ,
Ⱋ (š, r, st). " |
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Dalej Serafimow koncentruje się na najlepiej znanej mu historii
ziem bułgarskich i okolicznych, pisząc: „Ziemie
pomiędzy Północnym Kaukazem a wschodnimi brzegami Czarnego Morza
były znane jako Stara Wielka Bułgaria. W tym regionie, zamieszkanym
w przeszłości przez Scytyjskie, Sarmackie i Trackie plemiona
znaleziono starożytne runiczne pismo, przypominające
głagolicowe litery Ⰲ, Ⰳ, Ⰴ, Ⰵ, Ⰶ,
Ⰷ, Ⰹ, Ⰾ, Ⰿ, Ⱀ, Ⱄ, Ⱆ,
Ⱉ, Ⱋ, Ⱌ, Ⱎ, Ⱍ, Ⱏ, Ⱑ,
Ⱔ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ, Ⱛ ( v, g, d, e, ž, dz, i, l, m, n, s, u,
o, št, c, š, č, ъ, ě, en, on, jon i ižica). |
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Te
znaki są datowane na I-III w. n.e.. (…) W południowej Bułgarii
podobne znaki zostały znalezione na mieczu datowanym na I-II w. n.e..
Data ta może znacznie odbiegać od rzeczywistego wieku skryptu
runicznego, runy mogą być znacznie starsze. Według mojej
wiedzy okazało się, że pisane obiekty i inne znalezione w ich
pobliżu nie były datowane za pomocą sposobu C-14, lecz tylko
wstępnie. Wnioski naukowców oparto na przyjętej dacie pojawienia
się Sarmatów na bułgarskiej ziemi około I w. p.n.e. Znaleziska
archeologiczne i historyczne źródła zaprzeczające tej dacie
były ignorowane. Sarmatów nazywano członkami wielkiej Getyckiej
rodziny, zamieszkujących od głębokiej starożytności
Trację, podobnie (jak – dop. RudaWeb) Geci, którzy byli zwani
Słowianami w VI w.. Nikt nie liczy się z tym poważnym
problemem chronologicznym. Starobułgarskie artefakty w tym rogi jelenia
z napisami, są podobne do tych z ziem staro-Wenetyjskich.
Bułgarskie przedmioty były datowane do VII w. n.e., podczas gdy
wenetyckie pochodzą z V w. przed naszą erą. Luka wynosi
około 1200 lat, ale runy są takie same jak znaki wenetyckie. To
oznacza, iż było kulturalne pokrewieństwo pomiędzy
Wenetami a Starobułgarami przed tym, jak starożytne litery
wyszły z użycia z Wenetyckiego pisma w I w. p.n.e..” |
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Ensuite,
Serafimov se concentre sur l’histoire la plus connue des terres bulgares et
voisines, en écrivant: "Les terres situées entre le Caucase du Nord et
les rives orientales de la mer Noire étaient connues sous le nom de Vieux
Grand Bulgarie. Dans cette région, habitée jadis par les tribus scythes,
sarmates et thraces, on a retrouvé d'anciennes lettres runiques ressemblant
aux lettres glagolitiques, Ⰳ,, Ⰴ,, Ⰷ, Ⰹ,,,,,,,, ,
Ⱎ, Ⱍ, Ⱏ, Ⱑ,,,, (v, g, d, e, ž, dz, i, l, m, n, s,
u, o, št, c, š, č, ъ, ě, en, he, ion et ižica). |
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Ces
signes sont datés du 1er au 3ème siècle de notre ère ... (...) Dans le sud de
la Bulgarie, des signes similaires ont été retrouvés sur l'épée datant du
premier au deuxième siècle de notre ère.Cette date peut différer
considérablement de l'âge réel de l'écriture runique, les runes peuvent être
beaucoup plus anciennes. À ma connaissance, il s'est avéré que les objets
écrits et les objets trouvés près d'eux n'étaient pas datés à l'aide de la
méthode C-14, mais seulement au début. Les conclusions des scientifiques se
fondaient sur la date d'apparition des Sarmates sur le sol bulgare, vers le
premier siècle avant notre ère. Les découvertes archéologiques et les sources
historiques niant cette date ont été ignorées. Les Sarmates étaient appelés
membres de la grande famille Getic, habitée depuis la plus haute antiquité
par Thrace, de même que Geci (comme pour RudaWeb), appelés slaves au 6ème
siècle. Personne ne compte ce grave problème chronologique. Les anciens
artefacts bulgares, y compris les cornes de cerf avec des inscriptions, sont
similaires à ceux des anciennes terres vénitiennes. Les objets bulgares
datent du VIIe siècle de notre ère, tandis que les objets vénitiens remontent
au Ve siècle avant notre ère. L'écart est d'environ 1200 ans, mais les runes
sont les mêmes que les personnages vénitiens. Cela signifie qu'il existait
une affinité culturelle entre les Vénitiens et les Starobulbs avant que les
anciennes lettres ne soient utilisées par le magazine vénitien au premier
siècle avant notre ère. " |
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Next,
Serafimov focuses on the best-known history of the Bulgarian and neighboring
lands, writing: "The lands between the North Caucasus and the eastern
shores of the Black Sea were known as the Old Grand Bulgaria. In this region,
inhabited in the past by Scythian, Sarmatian and Thracian tribes, ancient
runic letters were found, resembling the glagolitic letters Ⰲ,
Ⰳ, Ⰴ, Ⰵ, Ⰶ, Ⰷ, Ⰹ, Ⰾ,
Ⰿ, Ⱀ, Ⱄ, Ⱆ, Ⱉ, Ⱋ, Ⱌ,
Ⱎ, Ⱍ, Ⱏ, Ⱑ, Ⱔ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ,
Ⱛ (v, g, d, e, ž, dz, i, l, m, n, s, u, o, št, c, š, č, ъ,
ě, en, he, ion and ižica). |
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These
signs are dated to the 1st-3rd centuries AD ... (...) In southern Bulgaria,
similar signs were found on the sword dating from the first to second century
AD. This date may differ significantly from the real age of the runic script,
runes may be much older. To my knowledge, it turned out that the objects
written and other found near them were not dated using the C-14 method, but
only initially. The scientists' conclusions were based on the date when the
Sarmatians appeared on the Bulgarian soil around the first century BC.
Archaeological findings and historical sources denying this date were
ignored. Sarmatians were called members of the great Getic family, inhabited
since deep antiquity by Thrace, similarly (as for - RudaWeb) Geci, who were
called Slavs in the 6th century. Nobody counts this serious chronological
problem. Old Bulgarian artifacts, including deer horns with inscriptions, are
similar to those from the old Venetian lands. Bulgarian items were dated to
the seventh century AD, while Venetian items date back to the 5th century BC.
The gap is around 1,200 years old, but the runes are the same as the Venetian
characters. This means that there was a cultural affinity between the
Venetians and Starobulbs before the ancient letters came out of use from the
Venetian magazine in the first century BC. " |
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Gdzie
nie sięgniesz – tam zawsze Wendowie |
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Où
que vous regariez, les wendes sont toujours là |
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Where
you doreach - the Wends are there |
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Dla
Weba ten wniosek o pokrewieństwie Wenedów i Starobułgarów jest
oczywisty. Pisaliśmy już, że Geci, Trakowie, Wenedowie,
Sarmaci i Scytowie to różne nazwy tego samego żywiołu
prasłowiańskiego, któremu udało się wielokrotnie w
ciągu swoich dziejów tworzyć wspólny organizm państwowy, zwany
w naszej historiografii Lechią. Wspominaliśmy zwłaszcza o
cywilizacyjnej roli Wendów/Wene(t)dów, np. we wpisie „Monety z Krakowa na statkach Wenedów…”, zwłaszcza od śródtytułu „Mocarstwo Wenedów”,
gdzie przypominamy, że panowali oni również nad ziemiami obecnej
Polski, której aktualni mieszkańcy są w większości ich
potomkami. Z ustaleń Radivoje Pešicia wiadomo zaś, że pismo Wenedów pochodzi z
protopisma winczańskiego, a samo dało początek etruskiemu i
łacińskiemu. Z drugiej strony naddunajskie alfabety
zapoczątkowały pisma minojskie i fenickie. Serafimow tak rozwija
tę teorię: „(…) odpowiedzi na
podobieństwa między głagolicą, greką, hebrajskim,
samarytańskim i koptyjskim należy szukać w głębokiej
przeszłości Bałkanów, w 6 do 4 tysiąclecia p.n.e., kiedy
kwitły Vinča, Valci Dol, Karanovo, Gradešnitsa i inne pokrewne
kultury. Twórcy tych kultur założyli również pierwszy system
pisma na świecie, a to wydaje się, że wpłynęło
na egejskie pisma liniowe i alfabet protokananyjski, z których następnie
rozwinął się hebrajski, fenicki i aramejski. Hebrajski
wpłynął na alfabet samarytański a fenicki był
prototypem alfabetu greckiego. Z kolei grecki alfabet wpłynął
na koptyjski. |
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Pour
Weba, cette conclusion concernant la parenté de Wenedów et Starobułgarów
est évidente. Nous avons déjà écrit que Geci, Thracians, Wenedowie, Sarmaci
et Scyts sont des noms différents de la même minorité slave, qui a pu créer
un organisme d'État commun à plusieurs reprises au cours de son histoire,
appelé Lechia dans notre
historiographie. Nous avons particulièrement mentionné le rôle
civilisationnel de Wendów / Wene (tes d), par exemple dans l'entrée
"Pièces de monnaies de Cracovie sur des navires Wenedów ...",
notamment du titre "Puissance de Wałęsa", où nous vous
rappelons qu'ils régnaient également sur les terres de la Pologne actuelle,
dont les habitants actuels ils sont leurs descendants pour la plupart.
D'après les conclusions de Radivoje Pešić, il est connu que le périodique
Wenedów provient de la proto-lettre de Vincian, et qu'il a lui-même donné
naissance aux langues étrusque et latine. D'autre part, les alphabets
danubiens ont commencé les écritures minoenne et phénicienne. Seraphimov
élargit cette théorie: "(...) il convient de rechercher les similitudes
entre glagolitique, grec, hébreu, samaritain et copte dans le passé des
Balkans, entre le VIe et le IVe millénaire avant notre ère, lorsque
Vinča, Valci Dol, Karanovo, Gradešnitsa, etc. culture. Les créateurs de
ces cultures ont également mis en place le premier système d'écriture au
monde, ce qui semble avoir influencé les écrits égéens et l'alphabet
protestant, à partir desquels il développa par la suite l'hébreu, le
phénicien et l'araméen. L'hébreu a influencé l'alphabet samaritain et le
phénicien était un prototype de l'alphabet grec. À son tour, l'alphabet grec
a influencé le copte. |
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For
Weba, this conclusion about the kinship of Wenedów and Starobułarów is
obvious. We have already written that Geci, Thracians, Wenedowie, Sarmaci and
Scyts are different names of the same Slavic minority, who has been able to
create a common state organism many times throughout its history, called
Lechia in our historiography. We especially mentioned the civilizational role
of Wendów / Wene (tes d), for example in the entry "Coins from Krakow on
Wenedów ships ...", especially from the title of "Wałęsa
Power", where we remind you that they also ruled over the lands of
present Poland, whose current inhabitants they are their descendants for the
most part. From the findings of Radivoje Pešić, it is known that the
Wenedów periodical comes from the Vincian proto-letter, and it itself gave
rise to the Etruscan and Latin. On the other hand, the Danubian alphabets
began the Minoan and Phoenician writings. Seraphimov expands this theory:
"(...) the answer to the similarities between Glagolitic, Greek, Hebrew,
Samaritan and Coptic should be sought in the deep past of the Balkans, in the
6th to 4th millennium BC, when Vinča, Valci Dol, Karanovo, Gradešnitsa
and others related culture. The creators of these cultures also established
the first writing system in the world, and this appears to have influenced
the Aegean writings and the Protestant alphabet, from which he subsequently
developed Hebrew, Phoenician and Aramaic. Hebrew influenced the Samaritan
alphabet and the Phoenician one was a prototype of the Greek alphabet. In
turn, the Greek alphabet influenced the Coptic. |
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|
więcej: https://rudaweb.pl/index.php/2016/12/26/koniec-glagolicowych-dyrdymalow/ |
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Poniższy tekst jest tłumaczeniem artykułu
Pawła Serafimowa o pochodzeniu alfabetu głagolicy. Do
prawidłowego odczytania zawartych w tekście niestandardowych znaków
zaleca się ściągnięcie i zainstalowanie
głagolicowych czcionek*. Życzę miłej lektury. |
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http://kodeks.uni-bamberg.de/AKSL/media/BukyVede-Regular.ttf |
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WSTĘP |
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Nie ma zbyt wiele społeczeństw, które
opracowały niezależnie od siebie własny alfabet, doskonale
oddający specyfikę ich mowy. Wysoko rozwinięte kultury jak
grecka i rzymska musiały zapożyczyć swoje systemy pisma z
wcześniej wykształconych tradycji piśmienniczych. |
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Przypuszczalnie, pierwszy słowiański alfabet –
głagolica został wymyślony i wprowadzony w IX w. n.e. Faktem
jest, iż istnieje wiele teorii o pochodzeniu i wieku
głagolitycznego alfabetu. I. Taylor i V. Jagić twierdzili, że
głagolica pochodzi z jakiegoś typu pochyłego greckiego
alfabetu z IX w. n.e., podczas gdy V. Vondrak, R. Nahtingal, F. Fortunatov i
inni sugerowali, że Cyryl inspirował się orientalnymi pismami:
hebrajskim, samarytańskim i koptyjskim. Całkowicie odmienna jest
opinia G. Černohvostova, którego teoria była prezentowana
pośmiertnie przez V. Kiparskiego. Według Černohvostova pismo
głagolityczne reprezentuje ważne chrześcijańskie symbole:
krzyż – w literze Ⰰ (a); okrąg – symbol bożej
wieczności w znakach Ⱁ, Ⱆ, Ⰿ, Ⱅ, Ⰾ
(o, u, m, t, l); trójkąt – symbol świętej trójcy – w znaku Ⱑ
(jat) [1] str. 35-36. |
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Opinie o wieku również są różne.
Według J. Dobrovskiego, alfabet głagolityczny został stworzony
w XIII w. n.e., czyli centurie po tym jak Cyrylica była już w
użytku. J. Kopitar nie zgodził się i wskazał, że
zaokrąglona głagolica jest starsza niż uproszczona Chorwacka
wersja, po czym Dobrovsky odwołał swój pogląd [1] str. 33. |
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FAKTY |
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Alfabet jest czymś złożonym i żadne z
pism różnych ludów nie pozostało niezmienione od czasów ich
powstania. Formy pewnych znaków zostały zmienione, a inne wyszły z
użycia, z czasem nowe litery zostały dodane lub przejęte z
innych alfabetów. Opis tych procesów znajdziemy w pracy starego
Bułgarskiego pisarza C. Hrabara –_ „O pismenah”_ („O literach”) [2]. |
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Propozycja, iż greckie pismo mogło mieć
wpływ na głagolicę – święte słowiańskie
pismo jest kusząca, ponieważ Cyryl, któremu przypisujemy stworzenie
głagolicy urodził się w greckich Salonikach. Jest także 8
liter dziewięciowiekowego greckiego pisma kursywnego, które było
wprowadzane stopniowo w Grecji w czasie IX w. n.e. po tym jak pismo
uncjałowe było używane w oficjalnych dokumentach i
korespondencji, to pokazuje jednocześnie pewne podobieństwa do ich
głagolitycznych odpowiedników. Te litery to: δ, γ, ω,
ε, ρ, ο, θ, ϕ (delta, gamma, omega, epsilon, rho,
omikron, theta i phi). |
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Także parę hebrajskich znaków: ש ,
ר , ף , ב , א (a, b, p, r, š) ukazuje pewne
podobieństwa ze swoimi głagolitycznymi odpowiednikami.
Pozostałe pisma orientalne nie oferują żadnych znaczących
dopasowań. Koptyjskie litery Ϣ, Ϩ, Ϯ (shei, hori, ti)
ukazują podobieństwa z głagolicowymi Ⱋ, Ⱈ,
Ⰰ (št, h, a) a samarytańskie litery samar (š, r, m) mogą
przypominać głagolicowe Ⱎ, Ⱃ, Ⱋ (š, r, št), (Tabela 2). |
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DYSKUSJA |
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Głagolicowe Ⱚ i ⱚ są
niewątpliwie greckiego pochodzenia. Grecka litera γ przypomina
głagolityczne g ale to nie oznacza, że Słowianie wzięli
ją od Greków. Głagolityczne g jest bardziej podobne do runicznego
znaku z Wielkiej Starej Bułgarii (Tabela 1). Głagolicowe Ⰳ (g) różni się od
starobułgarskiej runy Ⰳ -podobnej tylko kątem względem
podstawy, który może być tylko stylistyczną
osobliwością spowodowaną przez rozwój pisma. Zarówno
głagolicowy oraz starobułgarski znak runiczny mają równe
„zagięcia” (ramiona skręcone w równy kształt), podczas gdy
grecki γ ma tylko jedno mocno „zakręcone” ramię. |
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Kształt greckiej litery ρ jest taki jak
głagolicowego Ⱃ (r), ale słowiańska litera jest
odwrócona „do góry nogami” w taki sposób, że przypomina znacznie
bardziej ra ze starożytnych linearnych pism. |
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Greckie δ wygląda jak połowa
głagolicowego Ⰴ (d), ale znowu starożytne linearne pisma
oferują lepsze dopasowanie – dwo. Jeśli głagolicowe Ⰴ
byłoby pochodną greckiego δ, czemu po prostu nie stosowali tej
litery? |
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Greckie o przypomina bardziej o z Cyrylicy niż
głagolicowe Ⱁ. |
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Więc ze wszystkich podobnych liter pomiędzy
greką a głagolicą tylko głagolicowe Ⱚ i ⱚ
mogą być uznane za pewne zapożyczenie z greckiego alfabetu,
więc trudno mówić o tym, że dwie litery stały się
inspiracją dla całego alfabetu. |
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Nie zapominajmy także, iż istnieje ogromna
różnica pomiędzy greckim pismem kursywnym a głagolicą.
Babič głosi, że głagolica jest zbudowana z wielkich liter
(jak pismo linearne A i B) natomiast grecki alfabet kursywny używa
małych liter [1] str. 35. |
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Jest jeszcze inny ważny fakt, podważający
twierdzenie Taylora i Jagića. Ziemie pomiędzy Północnym
Kaukazem a wschodnimi brzegami Czarnego Morza były znane jako Stara
Wielka Bułgaria [4] str. 47-48. W tym regionie, zamieszkanym w
przeszłości przez Scytyjskie, Sarmackie i Trackie plemiona
znaleziono starożytne runiczne pismo, przypominające
głagolicowe litery Ⰲ, Ⰳ, Ⰴ, Ⰵ, Ⰶ,
Ⰷ, Ⰹ, Ⰾ, Ⰿ, Ⱀ, Ⱄ, Ⱆ,
Ⱉ, Ⱋ, Ⱌ, Ⱎ, Ⱍ, Ⱏ, Ⱑ,
Ⱔ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ, Ⱛ ( v, g, d, e, ž, dz, i, l, m, n, s, u,
o, št, c, š, č, ъ, ě, en, on, jon i ižica). |
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Te znaki są datowane na I-III w. n.e. [5].
Muszę przyznać, że choć przypominają mocno
głagolicowe litery, nic nie gwarantuje, że runiczne znaki
miały taką samą wartość fonetyczną, jak ich
odpowiedniki w głagolicy [Tabela 1]. W południowej Bułgarii podobne znaki zostały
znalezione na mieczu datowanym na I-II w. n.e. [6] str. 48-59 Data ta
może znacznie odbiegać od rzeczywistego wieku skryptu runicznego,
runy mogą być znacznie starsze. Według mojej wiedzy
okazało się, że pisane obiekty i inne znalezione w ich
pobliżu nie były datowane za pomocą sposobu C-14, lecz tylko
wstępnie. Wnioski naukowców oparto na przyjętej dacie pojawienia
się Sarmatów na bułgarskiej ziemi około I w. p.n.e. Znaleziska
archeologiczne i historyczne źródła zaprzeczające tej dacie
były ignorowane. Sarmatów nazywano członkami wielkiej Getyckiej
rodziny, zamieszkujących od głębokiej starożytności
Trację, podobnie Geci, którzy byli zwani Słowianami w VI w. Nikt
nie liczy się z tym poważnym problemem chronologicznym.
Starobułgarskie artefakty w tym rogi jelenia z napisami, są podobne
do tych z ziem staro-Wenetyjskich. Bułgarskie przedmioty były
datowane do VII w. n.e., podczas gdy wenetyckie pochodzą z V w. przed
naszą erą. Luka wynosi około 1200 lat, ale runy są takie
same jak Wenetycki znaki. To oznacza, iż było kulturalne
pokrewieństwo pomiędzy Wenetami a Starobułgarami przed tym jak
starożytne litery wyszły z użycia z Wenetyckiego pisma w I w.
p.n.e. Dowodem na kulturalne pokrewieństwo jest fakt, iż w
najstarszych źródłach Bułgarzy byli nazywani WNTRI [7] str.
21, które rozumiane jest jako Weneteri – wenetyckie plemię.
Jednakże bułgarscy naukowcy interpretują WNTRI jako
Hunogunduri ignorując antropologiczne badania M. Popova, który
pokazał, iż bez wątpienia Bułgarzy są
antropologicznie Słowianami, a nie Azjatami. |
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Tabela 1 przedstawia porównanie
pomiędzy Scyto-Sarmackimi runami z I i III w. n.e. a głagolicowymi
literami z IX w. n.e. |
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Propozycja Chernohostova, iż głagolityczne
litery reprezentują chrześcijańskie symbole wydaje się
mało prawdopodobna, ponieważ jak już wspomniano, wiele z tych
znaków (przynajmniej 23) było używanych przez Starobułgarskie
plemiona wiele wieków przed przyjęciem chrześcijaństwa jako
religii państwowej przez Słowian. Istnieje jednakże
możliwość, iż niektóre z liter głagolicy są
przedchrześcijańskimi symbolami religijnymi. Krzyż i
okrąg są bez wątpienia starożytnymi solarnymi symbolami. |
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Sugestia Vondraka, Nahtigala i Fortunatova, że
orientalne pisma miały wpływ na głagolicowe pismo, jest do
przyjęcia na pierwszy rzut oka, ponieważ przede wszystkim istnieje
źródło historyczne potwierdzające to, iż Cyryl
odwiedził Chazarów [1] str. 15, którzy przynależeli w tym czasie do
Judaizmu. |
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Tabela 1. Tabela porównawcza
liter głagolicy i scyto-sarmackich |
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Opisy: |
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G. s. v. – wartość
fonetyczna litery głagolicy; |
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R – scyto-sarmackie runy; |
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SlL – słowiańska
łacina; |
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G. – litery głagolicy; |
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SlC **– słowiańska cyrylica; |
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**L – litery
łacińskie. |
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* Znaki 2, 8, 9, 11, 16, 23
są z pracy S. Rjabchikova [5], reszta pochodzi z pracy I. T. Taneva i M.
Minkova [6]. |
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Jak już zostało powiedziane hebrajskie litery
(a, b, p, r, š) ukazują swoje podobieństwo z ich głagolicowymi
odpowiednikami. Jednakże jeśli porównamy hebrajskie א – a,
ב – b, ף – p, ר – r, i ש – š do głagolicowych
Ⰰ, Ⰱ, Ⱂ, Ⱃ, Ⱎ (a, b, p, r, š) i do liter
linearnych pism regionu egejskiego, widzimy że podobieństwo
głagolitycznych liter do linearnych typu A i B jest znacznie większe
niż do hebrajskich liter (Tabela 2). |
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Jak zostało wspomniane, inne orientalne pisma nie
oferują żadnych istotnych podobieństw. Koptyjskie litery
Ϣ, Ϩ, Ϯ (shei, hori, ti) ukazują podobieństwo z
głagolicowymi Ⱋ, Ⱈ, Ⰰ (št, h, a) a
samarytańskie š, r, m przypominają głagolityczne Ⱎ,
Ⱃ, Ⱋ (š, r, št), (Tabela 2). |
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Linearne odpowiedniki głagolicowych liter Ⱏ
(Ъ – nr 30), ⰠⰊ (Ы – nr 31), Ⱘ (ON – nr 37),
i Ⱙ (JON – nr 38) są w rzeczywistości ligaturami
różnych linearnych znaków (głagolicowe litery Ⱏ,
ⰠⰊ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ (Ъ, Ы, ON, JON) same w sobie
są także ligaturami). Ligatury były całkiem pospolite w
linearnych inskrypcjach typu A i B. Przykłady widać na rys. 1. |
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Tabela 2. Porównanie alfabetów:
głagolicy, greki, linearnego A, linearnego B, hebrajskiego, koptyjskiego
i samarytańskiego. |
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Opisy: |
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sv – wartość
fonetyczna; |
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G – litery głagolicy; |
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Gr – litery greckiej kursywy; |
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LA – litery pisma linearnego A; |
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SlC – słowiańska
cyrylica; |
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SlL – słowiańska
łacina; |
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L- litery łacińskie; |
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LB – litery pisma linearnego B; |
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Heb – litery hebrajskie; |
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Cop – litery koptyjskie; |
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Sa – litery samarytańskie. |
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Fig. 1. Ligatury liter pisma linearnego A [8], tabele 1, 2, 3. |
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Podsumowując, patrząc na Tabelę 2 możemy
zauważyć, że alfabet grecki oferuje 8 analogicznych znaków dla
głagolicy, hebrajski 5, koptyjski 5 i samarytański 2 natomiast
linearny A ma 33 a linearny B 32 znaki odpowiadające kształtowi
głagolicowych liter. To pokazuje przekonująco, które systemy
pisania są najbardziej zbliżone do siebie. Możliwej odpowiedzi
na podobieństwa między głagolicą, greką, hebrajskim,
samarytańskim i koptyjskim należy szukać w głębokiej
przeszłości Bałkanów, w 6 do 4 tysiąclecia p.n.e., kiedy
kwitły Vinča, Valci Dol, Karanovo, Gradešnitsa i inne pokrewne
kultury. Twórcy tych kultur założyli również pierwszy system
pisma na świecie, a to wydaje się, że wpłynęło
na egejskie pisma liniowe i alfabet protokananyjski, z których następnie
rozwinął się hebrajski, fenicki i Aramejski. Hebrajski
wpłynął na alfabet samarytański a fenicki był
prototypem alfabetu greckiego. Z kolei grecki alfabet wpłynął
na koptyjski [9]. |
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Migracja ludzi ze starych trakoscytyjskich ziem do Krety,
Levantu a nawet do Egiptu (pierwszy okres przejściowy) w 3 i 2
tysiącleciu p. n. e jest potwierdzona przez odkrycia archeologiczne.
Rozkład specyficznych rodzajów ceramiki (linearnych/wstęgowych
ceramik, ceramiki sznurowej) i pojawienie się nowego typu pochówku (z
poświęceniem koni), nowy typ domu itp. jasno wskazują
przybycie nowej populacji w rejonie egejskim, Lewantu i północnego
Egiptu podczas wczesnej epoki brązu. J. Best łączy te wczesne
migracje z ekspansją kultury kurgańskiej [10] str. 49-51. Niedawne
badania genetyczne pokazują, że pewny genetyczny znacznik (R 1),
typowy dla twórców kultury Kurhanowej jest obecnie znajdowany pośród
ludności słowiańskiej. Znacznik ten jest obecny także
wśród ludzi w Indiach oraz zachodniej Azji (ceramika linearna
pojawiła się tam pod koniec 3 tysiąclecia p.n.e. ponad 3000
lat po pojawieniu się w Europie południowo-wschodniej), ale jest
rzadki w Europie zachodniej [11]. |
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Logicznym jest, że migranci, którzy przybyli z
południowo-wschodniej Europy do rejonu egejskiego i Anatolii w 3 i 2
tysiącleciu p.n.e. mogli przynieść ze sobą także
swój system pism i w ten sposób rozprzestrzenili wiedzę o piśmie
pomiędzy wieloma ludami, które z kolei mogły stworzyć swoje
własne alfabety, przystosowane bardziej do ich własnego
języka. Z czasem różnice pomiędzy pismami przyniesionymi z
Bałkanów a tymi pochodzącymi od nich stały się
większe i większe jednakże pomimo to niektóre znaki
zachowały pewne podobieństwa. Na przykład linearne(B) si odpowiada kształtowi
głagolicowej š, fenickiej š i hebrajskiej š. linearne (B) ra odpowiada kształtowi głagolicowej r, fenickiej
r i greckiej r. Linearne (B) twe odpowiada głagolicowej t (tvъrdo) i
kananyjskiej t. a z kolei linearne (B) si,
ra, two przypominają bardzo mocno
grafemy ze znacznie starszego pisma Vinča. |
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Tabela 3 przedstawia porównanie
pomiędzy Bałkańskim pismem neolitycznym a starożytnym
systemem pism rejonu Egejskiego. Jak widać mamy tutaj 36 dopasowań
pomiędzy NPB (Neolityczne Pismo Bałkanów) a linearnym A, i 30 dopasowań
pomiędzy NPB a linearnym B. |
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Chociaż jest 5 tysięcy lat różnicy
pomiędzy Neolitycznym Pismem Bałkanów a głagolitycznym
wariantem z IX w. n.e., nadal można zaobserwować cechy wspólne
między tymi dwoma systemami. Te dopasowania mają także
odpowiedniki w linearny pismach (Tabela 4). |
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Tabela 3. Porównanie
neolitycznego pisma Bałkanów i skryptów linearnych regionu egejskiego |
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Opisy: |
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NSB – neolityczne pismo
Bałkanów [12, 13]; |
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LA – litera linearna A; |
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LB – litera linearna B. |
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Moja sugestia jest taka, że starożytny system
pisma Bałkanów był inspirującym źródłem wielu
alfabetów i jest to potwierdzone przez kilku innych badaczy. R. Pešić
który analizował Bałkański system pisma neolitycznego
zauważył również, że alfabet Fenicki współdzieli 10
znaków ze znacznie starszym pismem Vinča [14] str. 513. Jest to
całkiem logiczne by przyjąć, że ludzie, którzy
zainspirowali Fenicki alfabet, musieli pochodzić z Bałkanów. W
ostatnich latach coraz więcej naukowców przyznaje, że kadmijski mit
przynależy bardziej do kultur paleobałkańskich niż do
orientalnych [15] str. 60. Diodor Sycylijski, cytowany przez G. Sotirova
[16], potwierdza, że Pelagianie byli pierwszymi, którzy wykorzystali
litery kadmijskie. |
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Inny naukowiec, V. Georgiev, który analizował
neolityczną pieczęć z Karanova, odkrył, że 8 znaków
z tego starożytnego artefaktu ukazują podobieństwa ze 8
znakami kretańsmiego pisma hieroglificznego. Georgiev zauważył
również, że 6 znaków z tabletu z Gradešnitsa przypominają inne
6 znaków z najwcześniejszego kreteńskiego systemu pisma [17] str.
157. |
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Tabela 4. Porównanie
neolitycznego pisma Bałkanów, liter pisma linearnego A i linearnego B i
znaków głagolicy Ⱂ, Ⱃ, Ⱎ, Ⰰ, Ⱌ,
Ⱑ, Ⰵ (P, R, Š, A, C, Ĕ, E). |
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Opisy: |
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N. S. B. – neolityczne pismo
Bałkanów; |
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LA – litera linearna A; |
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LB – litera linearna B; |
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G. – litera głagolicy. |
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Ponieważ skrypty Gradešnitsa i Karanovo są
znacznie starsze niż najwcześniejsze Kretańskie pisma,
można stwierdzić, że kultury neolitycznych Bałkanów
wpłynęły na starożytny minojskie piśmiennictwo. |
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Według V. Georgiev, kultury Vinca, Karanovo i inne
pokrewne z nimi zostały stworzone przez Traków i Pelazgów [17] str. 192
i dokładnie ci Trakowie i Pelazgowie byli pośród twórców kultury
minojskiej, według Hroznego [18] str. 219, 220. Nie należy
zapominać, że zgodnie z Hermem [19] str. 61, Trakowie i Pelazgowie
stali się częścią Fenickiego narodu: mieszanką ludzi
morza i rdzenną ludnością Kanaanu. |
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Z archeologicznego punktu widzenia migracja Trakopelazgów
do Regionu Morza Egejskiego (i Azji Mniejszej) może być dowiedziona
przez tzw ceramikę taśmową, która na Krecie jest
reprezentowana przez wielobarwną ceramikę z Camaro ze spiralnymi
dekoracjami, pokazując przejście z motywów geometrycznych do
motywów zaczerpniętych z natury [18] str. 219, 220. Statki z takimi
motywami były obecne na Krecie przez cały XX i XIX w. p.n.e., ale
na Bałkanach były w użyciu już w 5 tysiącleciu pne
[20] (obiekty 11 i 12). |
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Trakowie i Pelazgowie należeli do tego samego
wielkiego narodu. Według starożytnej tradycji najstarszych
mieszkańców Europy Południowo-Wschodniej – Pelazgowie podzielili
się na 3 główne grupy: |
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- Ilirowie (Weneci należeli do tej gałęzi)
– mieszkający od Epiru po rzekę Po, |
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- Tracy posiadający ziemie między Morzem
Egejskim a górami Karpat |
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- Klasyczni Pelazgowie zamieszkujący Kretę,
część Azji Mniejszej i Grecji kontynentalnej [21] str. 23-24. |
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Tabela 5. Porównanie
wartości dźwięku liter głagolicy i wartości
dźwięku liter pism linearnego A i B. |
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Opisy: |
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* – nienumerowana litera; |
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# – dźwięk o nie
określonej wartości; |
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(?) – zakwestionowana
wartość dźwiękowa; |
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64 – numeracja Chadwicka i
wartość dźwiękowa. |
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Tabela 6. litery głagolicy
podobne w formie i wartości dźwiękowej do znaków pisma
linearnego A i B. |
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Opisy: |
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G – litera głagolicy; |
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Gsv – wartość
dźwięku litery głagolicy; |
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Lasv – wartości
dźwięku litery linearnej B; |
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LA – litera linearna A; |
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LBsv – wartość
dźwięku litery linearnej B; |
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LB – litera linearna B. |
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Ponieważ w późnej starożytności
Trakowie byli utożsamiani ze Słowianami [4] str. 14, można
logiczne założyć, że Pelazgowie i Ilirowie – krewni
Traków mogą być też uważani za słowiańską
odnogę. |
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Mając to wszystko na uwadze postanowiłem
zrobić szczegółowe porównanie alfabetu głagolicy z pismem
linearnym A i B. Kiedy zrobiłem to zauważyłem, że 33
znaki z pisma linearnego A miały zaskakujące podobieństwo w
kształcie z 33 znakami w alfabecie głagolicy (tabela
2). Tabela 5 przedstawia porównanie wartości fonetycznej
pomiędzy językami głagolicą, linearnym A i linearnym B. |
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Tabela 6 i tabela 7 pokazuje
bardziej jasno fonetyczne i kształtowe podobieństwa pomiędzy
głagolicą a pismem linearnym A, B. Tabela
6 przedstawia znaki głagolicy, które
posiadają podobieństwo w formie i wartości fonetycznej z
linearnym A i B, a tabela 7 prezentuje znaki głagolicy podobne do znaków
z linearnego A i B w formie, ale różniące się
wartością fonetyczną. |
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Tabela 7. znaki głagolicy
podobne w formie do znaków linearnych A i B, ale różniące się
wartością dźwięku. |
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Opisy: |
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G – litera głagolicy; |
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Gsv. – wartość
dźwięku litery głagolicy; |
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LAsv – wartości
dźwięku litery linearnej A; |
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LA – litera linearna A; |
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LBsv – wartości
dźwięku litery linearnej B; |
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LB – litera linearna B; |
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* – litera o nie ustalonej wartości
dźwięku. |
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Uwaga: litery głagolicy
Ⰳ, Ⰼ, Ⰾ, F, Ⱚ (g, g’, l, f, th) nie mają
żadnego odpowiednika w pismach linearnych – ani w formie, ani w
wartości dźwięku. |
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Po odkryciu, że 20 znaków linearnych typu A i 23
znaków linearnych B są podobne do znaków głagolicy nie tylko w
formie, ale również w wartości fonetycznej, porównanie zostało
zrobione ze Starym bułgarskim systemem runicznym. Nie można
stwierdzić, że wszystkie 13 znaki z rozety z Pliska (przypisana
Starobułgarom) są niezwykle blisko w formie do 13 znaków linearnych
typu A. Linearny B oferuje również 13 dopasowań z runicznym zapisem
z Pliska (dwie bułgarskie runy przypominają głagolityczne
znaki Ⱋ, Ⱑ (št i ě), (Tabela 8). |
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Poza rozetą z Pliska są inne Stare
bułgarski runy posiadające dopasowania w linearnych pismach, tabela 9. |
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Stopień formy i podobieństwa fonetycznego
pomiędzy głagolicą i linearnym A i B jest zbyt wysoki by
był zbiegiem okoliczności, choć istnieją pewne fonetyczne
odchylenia, na przykład: linearny B JO i głagolicowy JU; linearny B
JE i głagolicy Ž. Odchylenia te można wyjaśnić przez
ogromną lukę czasową – ok. 2500 lat pomiędzy skryptami
linearnymi a głagolicą z IX w. n.e. Nikt nie może oczekiwać,
że fonetyka słowiańska z IX w. n.e. będzie dokładnie
taka sama jak fonetyka słowiańska prawie trzy tysiące lat
wcześniej. W takim długim czasie zmiany wystąpiły w
każdym języku. |
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Tabela 8. Porównanie run z
Pliski do skryptów linearnych regionu egejskiego. |
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Opisy: |
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P – runy rozety z Pliski; |
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LA – znak linearny A; |
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LB – znak linearny B. |
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Tabela 9. Porównanie
kształtów run starobułgarskich i skryptów linearnych regionu Morza
Egejskiego. |
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Opisy: |
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BR – runy starobułgarskie; |
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LA – znaki linearne A; |
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LB – znaki linearne B. |
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Tabela 10. Porównanie liter
„cyprioticznych” (linearny C) z podobnymi (w formie i wartości
dźwięku) literami linearnego A i C – cypriotyczny skrypt z okresu
minojskiego. |
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Opisy: |
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Cypr – litera linearna C; |
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Csv – wartość
dźwięku litery linearnej C; |
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Lasv – wartość
dźwięku litery linearnej A; |
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LA – litera linearna A. |
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Pomimo niewielkich (dla tak wielkiej różnicy czasu)
różnic, głagolityczne pismo ukazuje dużo większe
podobieństwo do linearnego A i linearnego B niż tak zwane linearne
C (znanego także jako minojsko-cypryjskie) do linearnego A i B. 20
znaków linearnego A i 23 znaki linearnego B są podobne do znaków
głagolicy w formie i wartości fonetycznej, podczas gdy liniowy C ma
tylko 9 znaków podobnych w formie i dźwięku do linearnego A –
zapisu, od którego pochodzi linearny C [22] str. 54, Fig. 34 (patrz Tabela 10). |
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Ponieważ głagolica, jak również pismo
runiczne z Starej Bułgarii i Scytosarmackie, ukazują
niesamowitą bliskość ze starożytnym systemem pism regionu
Egejskiego logiczny wniosek jest taki, że bez wątpienia
głagolica jest związana z pismem linearnym A i B, stworzonym przez
Trakopelazgów (Prasłowian) w 2 tysiącleciu p.n.e., a te z kolei
pochodzą od dużo starszego neolitycznego pisma Bałkanów (tabela 3, Tabela 4). |
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Ale choć nie można odmówić
podobieństwa i powinowactwa głagolicy i starych bułgarskich
run z pismem linearnym A i B, pozostaje dość poważny problem
do zbadania – nie ma potwierdzonej ciągłości między
linearnymi pismami Krety (XVIII-XII w. p.n.e.), scytosarmackimi runami (I-II
w. n.e.) a starobułgarskim runicznym systemem (IV-VIII w. n.e.). Przerwa
wynosi ponad 1200 lat, i w tym okresie nie istnieją potwierdzone
(przynajmniej do tej pory) dokumenty, pisane literami protogłagolicy. |
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Ten problem chronologiczny można łatwo
wytłumaczyć poprzez rodzaj materiałów z których zostały
wykonane inskrypcje. W rzeczywistości tablety z pismem linearnym A i B
zostały zachowane aż do czasów współczesnych tylko przez
czysty przypadek. Zostały one wykonane z niewypalonej gliny, i tylko
dlatego że były one narażone na nieumyślnie wywołane
płomienie ognia, zostały utwardzone. Ten nowy stan pozwolił im
przetrwać przez wieki. Właściwie większość
dokumentów napisanych linearnymi pismami nie miały przetrwać
długo, być może tylko jeden rok, lub dwa [22] str. 33. |
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Jeśli starożytni Słowianie wykorzystywali
również łatwo psujące się materiały (na
przykład drewno, kora, i/lub skóry zwierzęce) jest to całkiem
normalne, że najstarsze dokumenty nie przetrwały. Dopiero w
momencie, od kiedy zapisywano na kamieniach i metalowych przedmiotach pismo
mogło zostać zachowane na wieki. |
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Według Chadwicka znaki pisma linearnego B miały
być pisane z pomocą pędzla i tuszu (farby) [23] str. 27.
Sądząc po ich eleganckim zaokrąglonym kształcie nie jest
trudno uznać, że głagolica również miała być
przeznaczona do pisana piórem lub pędzlem na gładkich
materiałach, takich jak skóry zwierząt. |
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Wiemy o używaniu skór zwierzęcych w
odległej przeszłości od Herodota. Zaświadcza on, że
w starożytności kozie i owcze skóry były używane do
pisania i ten materiał był i wciąż w użyciu (V w.
p.n.e.) na ziemiach nie-greckich [24] V-59. Ojciec historii nie
określił jakie dokładnie były te kraje nie-greckie, ale
wiemy, że sąsiadami Hellenów byli Trakowie, Pelazgowie i
Macedończycy. |
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Starożytni Słowianie (w starożytności
zwani Trakami według cytowanego przez Tsenova Simokatta [4] str. 16)
znad góry Haemus byli hodowcami bydła. Dla takich ludzi skóry
zwierząt nie były kosztownym materiałem. Przeciwnie były
najbardziej praktycznymi i tanimi materiałami do pisania. Ale, jak
już wspomniano, ten materiał psuje się bardzo łatwo i nic
nie przetrwało. Podobny przykład to „drewniane książki”
Hetytów. Żadna z tych książek nie przetrwała wieków, ze
względu na ograniczoną trwałość [25] str. 128, gdzie
kamienne i metalowe obiekty z zapisanymi hieroglifami Hetytów wytrzymały
destruktywny wpływ deszczu, słońca, wiatru, a nawet ognia. |
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Tymczasowa wytrzymałość skór zwierząt
przysparzała kłopotów naszym przodkom, ponieważ
ważność dokumentów była krótka (kilka lat), a po tym
okresie dokumenty o charakterze administracyjnym i tak byłyby zniszczone
(spalone) przez właścicieli (jak Mykeńczycy zrobili z
większością swoich zapisów [22] str. 33). Z przyjściem
chrześcijaństwa sytuacja się zmieniła, teksty religijne
były uważane za święte i zostały starannie
konserwowane. |
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Innym powodem braku dokumentów zapisanych
głagolicą pomiędzy XII w. p.n.e. a I w. n.e. mogą
być niewystarczające badania. Na początku XX w. nikt nie
podejrzewał, że w bułgarskiej ziemi będzie można
znaleźć przedmioty mające 6000 lat, takie jak pieczęci z
Karanova i tablety z Gradešnitsy. Ani nikt nie pomyślał, że na
terytorium Bułgarii istniałyby próbki skryptów linearnych.
Jednakże w drugiej połowie XX w. obiekty zapisane pismem linearnym
A [26] i linearnym B [27] znaleziono w różnych miejscach Bułgarii.
W 2006 roku archeolodzy Ovcharova znaleźli tablet z pismem datowany na
7000 lat [28] str. 15. |
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Bardzo trudno określić, kiedy dokładnie,
protogłagolityczny system pisania został stworzony.
Sądząc po tym, że głagolica z IX w. n.e. ma
najwięcej dopasowań do alfabetu linearnego B, można powiedzieć,
że najbardziej starożytna forma głagolicy zaczęły
się pojawiać około XVIII-XVI w. p.n.e. i została
rozwinięty przez wieki przez różne plemiona słowiańskie. |
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Jeśli około XV w. p.n.e. Prasłowianie z
Europy południowo-wschodniej używali znaków protogłagolicy,
były one prawdopodobnie sylabiczne podobnie jak te z linearnego A i B. W
późniejszych czasach kiedy system pisma został opracowany znaki
przyjęły wartość pojedynczych dźwięków, zamiast
sylab jak w protogłagolicy. Taki proces jest bardzo dobrze
wyjaśniony przez Chudinova [29] str. 500. |
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Po panowaniu Greków i Rzymian na ziemiach między
Dunajem a Morzem Egejskim starożytne pismo mogło być zachowane
tylko na terytoriach między Dunajem i Kaukazem, zamieszkałych przez
Scytów, Sarmatów i Traków (Sinti i Meoti mieszkali w I w. n.e. na wschodnim
wybrzeżu Morza Czarnego). |
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Podróż Cyryla na step Pontyjski (zdominowany w swoim
czasie przez Chazarów) pozwoliła mu wejść w kontakt z
głagolicopodobnymi runami i najprawdopodobniej te runy stały
się źródłem inspiracji dla głagolicy. Przedtem Cyryl nie
mógł wiedzieć o istnieniu pisma przypominającego
scytosarmackie runy (tak jak o starożytnych egejskich linearnych
skryptach), ponieważ zgodnie z naszą najlepszą wiedzą
Greccy uczeni IX w. n.e. nie znali Minojskiego i Mykeńskiego systemu
pisania. |
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Powodem wybrania przez Cyryla systemu zapisu Scytów,
Sarmatów i północnych Traków było chyba to, że ich mowa
była zbliżona do Słowian żyjących wokół
Tesaloniki. Wiemy, że plemiona trackie Sinti zamieszkiwały
południową Trację i region Morza Egejskiego w
starożytności [30] (VII fragment 36, 45, 45), ale inna odnoga Sinti
zajęła wschodni brzeg Morza Czarnego [23] -IV-28, (region ten
był rządzony przez Chazarów w IX w. n.e. ). Oprócz Sinti także
Moezjanie (utożsamiani wielokrotnie ze starymi Bułgarami)
zajęli różne terytoria: Azji Mniejszej, północnej
Bułgarii i południowej Rumunii. Mówi się, że Aleksander Wielki
pokonał Moesjanów i zmusił ich do migracji na północ [31]
(Homatian, cytowany przez Żiwkowa). |
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Ze względu izolację (daleko od Greków i
Rzymian) język starożytnych Słowian (którzy żyli na
północ od Dunaju) pozostał mniej zanieczyszczony. Izolacja
również pozwoliła im zachować archaiczny pismo, które po
długim rozwoju było dobrze dopasowane do specyfiki mowy
słowiańskiej. Cyryl musiałby tylko udoskonalić ten system
zapisu tak, że byłby użyteczny dla wszystkich Słowian.
Dzięki jego wysokiemu wykształceniu i podróżom do ziem
zajętych przez Słowian, Cyryl był dobrze zorientowany, a to
pozwoliła mu na utworzenie wspólnego pisma słowiańskiego
mającego starożytną tradycję. |
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Obecne wyjaśnienie pochodzenia głagolicy jest
zupełnie inne od tego, stworzonego przez Taylora i jego
rówieśników, bo w czasie, gdy zakończyli swoje badania (Taylor –
1880, Jagić – 1884, Vondrák – 1893, Fortunatov – 1890) skrypty egejskie
wciąż jeszcze były nieusystematyzowane i nierozszyfrowane.
Wartość fonetyczna znaków alfabetu linearnego B stała się
znana pod koniec 1950 roku i na początku 1960 roku. Pisarze XX w.
Nahtigal (1941) i Kiparsky (1964) nie specjalizowali się w skryptach
Morza Egejskiego i nie mogli wiedzieć o podobieństwach w
kształcie i wartości dźwięku pomiędzy skryptami
linearnymi a głagolicą. |
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Autorzy, którzy studiowali głagolicę nie znali
wielu innych bardzo ważnych faktów: |
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Scytosarmackie runy I do III w. n.e. przypominają
bardzo litery głagolicy [6] s. 48-59. Ta informacja stała się
dostępna w 2006 roku. |
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W głębokiej starożytności Grecy
uważali Scytów i Sarmatów jeden naród [32] II 2. 1-2 i Prokop
świadczy, że Sarmaci byli odnogą wielkiej rodziny Trackich
Getów [33] III, II, 2-8, którzy zostali zidentyfikowani jako Słowianie
(Tsenov [4] str. 14, cytując Simokatta) |
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Sarmaci mieli tę samą antropologiczną
bazę jak starzy Bułgarzy [7] str. 50. Ci sami Bułgarzy zostali
określeni przez antropologów w 1930 roku jako przynależący do
Słowiańskiego narodu [34] str. 170. |
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Scytowie zostali uznani (od wieków) za Prasłowian
przez naukowców z carskiej Rosji [35] str. 154 (niestety po rewolucji
październikowej prace te były tłamszone). |
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Trakopelazgowie mieli własne pismo długo przed
Wojną Trojańską (D. Siculus, cytowany w [16]). |
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Na pisma linearne regionu egejskiego
wpłynęło neolityczne pismo Bałkanów, Tabela 3. |
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Trakopelazgowie byli twórcami kultury minojskiej [18]
str. 219. |
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Trackie nazwy osobowe i nazwy bóstw znajdują
się w zapisach linearnych A i B [15] p. 17-21, nie zapominajmy
także o Etnonimie ENETIJO [36] str. 543. |
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Ludzie, którzy w głębokiej
starożytności migrowali na Kretę, musieli przybyć
dużymi wydrążonymi kajakami (podobnymi do tych używanych
przez współczesnych Macedończyków z Prespa) [37] str. 91. |
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W czasach neolitu takie łodzie były
używane na terytorium Wenetów, którzy zamieszkiwali region pomiędzy
Alpami a Morzem Adriatyckim [38] str. 79. |
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Słowiańscy Macedończycy są
genetycznie bliżej Kreteńczyków niż Greków [39] |
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Na starych Wenetyjski ziemiach (Padwa) istniały
głagolico-podobne znaki w V w. p.n.e., jak widać na Wenetyjskich
zapisach PA 28. (znak przypomina Ž głagolicy (Život) [40]. Dodatkowo
znaki z ceramiki z Villa Novy [14] str. 57 przypominają znaki linearnego
A [8], tabela 3. |
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Na koniec – językoznawstwo dowodzi migracji
starożytnych Słowian. Na początku XX w., R. J. Conway
odkrył ciekawe podobieństwa pomiędzy językiem wenetyjskim
a eteokreteńskim [41] str. 125. Hrozny odkrył powiązania
między kreteńskimi toponimami a toponimami z ziem Trakopelazgów
[18] s. 219-220. |
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Nie zdając sobie sprawy z tak wielu ważnych
szczegółów, naukowcy którzy badali głagolicę w XIX i XX w.
opierali swoje twierdzenia na niewystarczających i bardzo ograniczonych
danych, dlatego nie udało im się odkryć prawdziwego
pochodzenia głagolicy. |
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WNIOSKI |
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Podobieństwo 33 znaków alfabetu linearnego A (20 w
formie i dźwięku, 13 tylko w formie) i podobieństwo 32 znaków
linearnego B (23 w formie i dźwięku i 9 tylko w formie) z literami
głagolicy nie jest tylko niezwykłym zbiegiem okoliczności, ale
jedną z wielu informacji, które są potwierdzeniem obecności
słowiańskich ludów w Europie Południowo-wschodniej w
odległej starożytności. Pomimo, że wypędzeni z ich własnych
ziem, Prasłowianie zachowali pismo, a nawet rozwinęli je w nowych
siedzibach – dalej na północy (ziemie między wschodnim brzegiem
Morza Czarnego a Kaukazem), z dala od swoich wrogów. |
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„Stworzenie” głagolicy było tylko
średniowieczną przeróbką, rodzajem odnowienia.
Najprawdopodobniej Cyryl wybrał skrypty runiczne trackich plemion z
północy, ponieważ ich mowa została zachowana nieskażonej
przez obce wpływy formie. |
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Mamy nadzieję, że dalsze badania dadzą nam
więcej danych o rzeczywistym wieku głagolicy. Starożytne
rękopisy lub artefakty zdobione literami głagolicy pokażą
rozwój tego osobliwego pisma słowiańskiego. Szczęśliwy
traf może dać nam odkrycie tzw Miedzianej książki,
zapisanej znakami z różnych grup wiekowych: Vinca, linearny A,
głagolica [42]. Ten osobliwy obiekt jest z całą
pewnością nie jedynym, który będzie można
znaleźć na ziemiach słowiańskich. |
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To co mamy dzisiaj to nie mało. Nie znamy całej
historii, ale nawet fragmenty są przekonującym świadectwem
wysokiego poziomu kultury naszych przodków – Prasłowian. |
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PODZIĘKOWANIA |
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Jestem bardzo wdzięczny prof dr A. Perdih, który
prowadził mnie przez wszystkich trudne chwile podczas tworzenia tego
dokumentu. Wyrazy uznania dla recenzentów za konstruktywną krytykę
i dobre rady. Jestem również wdzięczny Emmy za jej bezwarunkowe
poparcie, oraz podziękowania dla Ivy i Dimitra, którzy pomogli mi
znaleźć ważne źródła historyczne. |
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Autorstwo: Paweł Serafimow |
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Tłumaczenie: Falkonidas |
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Źródło
oryginalne: http://www.korenine.si/zborniki/zbornik08/glagolitic.pdf |
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Źródło
polskie: https://falkonidas.wordpress.com/2015/04/29/katodebilne-historyczne-brednie-zdruzgotane-czyli-o-dwoch-takich-co-rzekomo-wymyslili-slowianom-pismo/ |
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Tagi: #Słowianie #Głagolica #lingwistyka #historia |
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